September 16, 2019

expert reaction to study looking at pulegone levels in mint- and menthol-flavored e-Cigarettes

Research, published in JAMA Internal Medicine, reports on the levels of the chemical pulegone in mint and menthol-flavoured e-cigarettes. 

Prof Paul Aveyard, Professor of Behavioural Medicine, University of Oxford, said:

“This study is purporting to show that vapers are consuming worrying levels of pulegone by examining the concentration of pulegone in e-liquids and cigarettes, but it is not possible from this to assess whether people who vape menthol flavours have excess exposure to pulegone. A study to examine whether there is a concern would measure pulegone concentrations in people who vaped, but the authors have not done this.  The study seems to have reported on the pulegone concentration in e-liquids, making the unjustified assumption that all the pulegone in the e-liquid is absorbed.  We know, for example, that nearly all the nicotine in e-liquid is not absorbed either from cigarettes or from e-liquids and it is likely that most pulegone is not absorbed, as most of the vapour from e-cigarettes is exhaled.”

Dr Lion Shahab, Senior Lecturer in Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London (UCL), said:

“This paper uses previously published data to evaluate the likely exposure of users of menthol-flavoured e-liquids to pulegone, a constituent extract from mint plants used as a food and flavouring additive that is classified as possibly cancer-causing to humans. It finds that users of menthol e-cigarettes are likely to be exposed to levels considered to require mitigation strategies. This paper highlights the importance of evaluating e-cigarette specific constituents that are not necessarily seen in conventional cigarettes as well as the continued need to monitor and, if necessary, restrict toxic flavouring agents in e-liquids.

“The findings are, however, limited for a number of reasons. The study did not assess actual exposure in humans which is important because exposure is not simply a function of e-liquid constituents but also of the interaction between users and how they use e-cigarettes to warm up the e-liquid. Further, the data used to derive the likely exposure profile comes from a limited number of e-liquids assessed more than five years ago; it is therefore unclear if results apply to products used nowadays. Lastly, there are no studies which have linked the constituent considered here, pulegone, to cancer in humans. By contrast, based on numerous studies of e-liquids, aerosols and actual exposure in humans we know that the level of exposure to constituents known to cause cancer in humans is magnitudes of order lower in e-cigarette users than in smokers. The results reported in this study need to be considered in this context.”

‘Risk Analysis for the Carcinogen Pulegone in Mint- and Menthol-Flavored e-Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco Products’ by Jabba et al. was published in JAMA Internal Medicine at 16:00 UK time on Monday 16 September. 

DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.3649

Declared interests

Dr Lion Shahab: “No relevant COI”

Prof Paul Aveyard: “None”